When you create a value-type, it’s originally placed on the stack. If you box this value-type, the required memory is allocated on the heap, the value gets copied and an object is placed on the stack, pointing to the boxed value on the heap.
Boxing an int
Unboxing the int again
In a pathfinder I created long ago, in the .NET 1.1 era, a list of points had to be maintained. While this was possible using an ArrayList, it proved faster to write a typed list. The main reason behind this was because the ArrayList’s method signatures all work with objects, causing implicit boxing when using them. Retrieving items from an ArrayList also required unboxing, because that had to be cast back into their Point type.
I wrote a small application to demonstrate the boxing and unboxing taking place, and the performance impact. The test data were 10 million random Point values.
[csharp]// Adding to an ArrayList
for (int i = 0; i < itemsToGenerate; i++) {
arrayList.Add(rndCosts[i]);
}[/csharp]
When we take a look at the IL code this piece generates, we would see the following:
[code]ldobj [System.Drawing]System.Drawing.Point
box [System.Drawing]System.Drawing.Point
callvirt instance int32 [mscorlib]System.Collections.ArrayList::Add(object)[/code]
On the second line, you can see it uses the box operation to box our value-type Point (stored in the typed Point array rndCosts) before calling the Add method.
The solution to this is using generics, available from .NET 2.0 onwards, or writing your own typed list object. As .NET 1.1 had to be used, I chose the second solution. To do this, I used Reflector to look at the ArrayList code, and use that code to create a new list, replacing all instances of object with our required type, Point in this example.
Now we use the same piece of test code with our PointList.
[csharp]// Adding to a typed PointList
for (int i = 0; i < itemsToGenerate; i++) {
pointList.Add(rndCosts[i]);
}[/csharp]
If we look at the IL this piece generates, we notice the following:
[code]ldobj [System.Drawing]System.Drawing.Point
callvirt instance int32 [PointList]CumpsD.Collections.PointList::Add(
valuetype [System.Drawing]System.Drawing.Point)[/code]
The Framework does not use the box operation anymore, effectively getting rid of the overhead we had with our first solution. When we take a look at the test results, we can clearly see the difference between the first solution and the second.
[code]ArrayList: added 10000000 items.
00:00:03.1845792 seconds
PointList: added 10000000 items.
00:00:00.2804032 seconds[/code]
By using the strong typed PointList it was possible to get just a bit more performance out of the code, making the project operate better in the long run. Just for fun, I revisited this test using .NET 3.5, with generics and created a List
The main conclusion here is to avoid any non-typed collection when performance is an issue. Some browny points for our Bits & Bytes Religion when it comes to the happy feeling you get when working with generics :)
+32 (0)478 57.79.17
This is a good explanation of boxing/unboxing issue, but I don't like two things:
--> Are you allowed to look with reflector at ArrayList implementation ?? I have doubts.
--> Your benchmarking is not worth much if it ends up with time: 00:00:00.2915599, because in my opinion this is not enough long run and the result can be easily disturbed by other factors and system events.
If you are multi threading and gain a 3second benefit those quickly add up, especially in AI scenarios where your calculations have to be done in specific time slices.
And in the places I used this, this list isn't the only performance benefit of course, otherwise I'd agree, if you only used this and then would create some major inefficient algorithm, then it'd be pointless.
But for places where you are tweaking everything, by using binary heaps for example instead of regular sorted lists, then a 3 sec (in my case this was running in 25 threads, which means a 75seconds gain) is quite significant.
(7seconds vs 79seconds, not bad ;p)
Dear Mr.David
This program display 50
I thing it Should be 51
am I reghit ?
Please help
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
object o = 50;
AddThrowBox(o);
Console.WriteLine(o);
}
public static void AddThrowBox(object o)
{
o=((int)o)+1;
}
}
The following will display 51:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
object o = 50;
AddThrowBox(ref o);
Console.WriteLine(o);
}
public static void AddThrowBox(ref object o)
{
o = ((int)o) + 1;
}
Note the use of passing it by reference.
Dear Mr.David
then
waht is the added value
I can send the variable by ref from the begining
I used boxing to let value type act as refernce type without passing it by ref
thanks a lot
I guess it clones the object when you pass it along without the ref. I wouldn't exactly know though, maybe it's done like that to prevent implicit changes from happening.
The only thing why I wanted to know about boxing/unboxing is not to somehow 'abuse' it making my code less readable, but to understand how the old (non-generic) .NET classes worked internally.
need some more sample like
int i = 2;
string str = i.ToString(); //is boxing is performing there
int j = 1; //Is unboxing is performing there